🗳️ May 12, 2025: ELECTION DAY in the Philippines – What You Need to Know 🇵🇭

The long-anticipated Election Day 2025 in the Philippines falls on May 12, 2025 (Monday), marking one of the most critical civic events in the country’s democratic process. This guide covers all the key activities, legal boundaries, and significant procedures that make this day pivotal not only for voters, but also for candidates, election officials, and the justice system. Whether you're casting your ballot or involved in the administration of the elections, knowing your rights and responsibilities is essential for a smooth, legal, and fair voting experience.

🕛 Substitution Deadline and Candidate Changes ⚖️

By midday of Election Day, substitution of official candidates belonging to a political party or coalition is still permitted—but only if the original candidate has died or was disqualified for any reason. This is a final opportunity to file the Certificate of Candidacy (COC) for a substitute candidate, and must be done in compliance with the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) guidelines, as laid out in Resolution No. 10954.

Also, the last chance to substitute Party-List nominees due to death or incapacity falls on this day. No changes are allowed beyond this point, ensuring that voters know exactly who they are voting for.

🗳️ Casting of Votes and Voting Schedule 🕒

Voting officially begins on May 12, 2025, with the casting of votes and the immediate commencement of counting and consolidation across precincts nationwide. According to Republic Act No. 7166, this is a critical day for electoral engagement, with voters across the country exercising their democratic right.

A key feature of the 2025 elections is the continued accommodation for Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL). They are allowed to vote until 3:00 PM in designated Special Polling Places inside jails (SPP-IJ). This affirms the constitutional right of all Filipinos, regardless of circumstance, to participate in the electoral process.

🚫 Prohibited Acts on Election Day ❌

COMELEC and election laws strongly emphasize the sanctity of the voting environment, and thus strictly prohibit several acts during Election Day:

Voting more than once or voting as a substitute for another person is a criminal offense. Violators may face serious legal consequences under the Omnibus Election Code (OEC).
Any form of campaigning, including soliciting votes or distributing propaganda, is strictly banned within 30 meters of any polling place.
The sale, display, or consumption of food, beverages, or merchandise is forbidden within a 30-meter radius of polling stations. This applies to booths, stalls, and temporary stands.
Entertainment events such as cockfighting, horse races, boxing matches, and other sports are suspended on Election Day to preserve the dignity and focus of the occasion.

These restrictions are outlined under various sections of the OEC, with the goal of ensuring peaceful and orderly voting conditions.

🧾 Canvassing, Overseas Voting, and Local Absentee Voting 🌍

On Election Day, boards of canvassers at multiple levels—Municipal, City, District, Provincial, Regional, and even the National Board of Canvassers (NBOC)—are convened for the purpose of vote consolidation and counting. This includes:

Start of vote counting for Local Absentee Voting (LAV)
Last day for Overseas Filipino Voters to cast their ballots as polls officially close by end of Philippine time
Proclamation of winning city and municipal officials is expected to begin immediately after May 12 and continue through May 15, 2025.

📩 Compliance Reminders: Election Contributions and Expenses 💼

From May 12 to May 16, 2025, Election Officers (EOs) are required to formally notify all candidates, within their respective jurisdictions, regarding the filing of their Sworn Statements of Election Contributions and Expenditures (SOCE). This step is crucial in promoting transparency and accountability in campaign financing.

Per Section 14 of R.A. No. 7166, candidates must file their SOCEs regardless of election outcome, and failure to comply may lead to penalties, disqualification from holding public office, or other sanctions as prescribed by law.

✅ Final Thought: Be a Responsible Voter 🧠

As Election Day 2025 unfolds, every vote matters. Observing election laws and upholding ethical conduct doesn’t only ensure the legitimacy of results—it also protects the integrity of Philippine democracy. Whether you’re voting, managing a precinct, or simply observing, remember: your informed and responsible participation is the foundation of a government truly chosen by the people.

🗳️ May 11, 2025: Eve of Election Day in the Philippines – What’s Legal, What’s Not 🚫

As the Eve of Election Day on May 11, 2025 (Sunday) approaches, it's crucial for every voter, candidate, and political party to understand the strict regulations in place. This day, though still part of the election period, comes with specific prohibitions intended to ensure a peaceful and fair electoral process. These rules are not just guidelines—they are laws, and violations come with serious consequences.

🚷 Campaigning Prohibited: The Silence Before the Vote 🛑

According to Section 5 of Republic Act No. 7166, all forms of campaigning are strictly prohibited on the day before the election. This includes rallies, distribution of pamphlets, social media promotion, and even subtle canvassing.

The rationale behind this rule is to give voters a quiet, pressure-free period to reflect on their choices. No more noise, no more influence—just informed decision-making. Any candidate, political party, or organization caught violating this can face penalties and possible disqualification. Even private individuals who aid in such activities can be held accountable under the law.

🍗 No Freebies: Ban on Giving or Accepting Transportation, Food, or Drinks 🎁

Still under Section 5 of RA 7166, it is unlawful to give or accept, directly or indirectly, any free transportation, food, drinks, or other items of value on this day. This applies not just to candidates but also to any person acting on behalf of them.

The idea is to prevent last-minute vote-buying disguised as generosity. Even offering snacks or refreshments during a campaign-related activity is considered a violation. Enforcement is strict—watchdogs and observers are actively monitoring these activities across the country.

🥃 Liquor Ban in Effect: No Alcohol Sales or Consumption in Public Places 🍺

The Omnibus Election Code (Section 89) also enforces a nationwide liquor ban on the eve of elections. This means selling, furnishing, offering, buying, serving, or drinking intoxicating liquor is illegal during this period.

There are only a few exceptions:

Hotels and establishments certified by the Department of Tourism as tourist-oriented and that habitually cater to foreigners may serve liquor.
Foreign tourists staying in these establishments are allowed to drink, but only within the premises and under prior authority from the Commission on Elections (COMELEC).

The liquor ban is a preventive measure to avoid alcohol-fueled violence, especially in hotspots known for intense political rivalries. Local government units often coordinate with the Philippine National Police (PNP) to ensure compliance.

⚖️ Vote Buying and Other Prohibited Acts: Stay on the Right Side of the Law 💰

Under Section 261 (dd), (1) of the Omnibus Election Code, vote buying, indirect contributions, and the distribution of valuable items are also strictly prohibited on this day. Any attempt to sway voter decisions by offering money or gifts is a direct assault on the integrity of the democratic process.

What constitutes a violation?

Giving out envelopes with cash
Handing out items with the candidate’s face or name
Paying for voters’ transportation to polling precincts
Sponsoring community meals disguised as “public service”

Even if done subtly, these actions fall under election offenses and can lead to criminal charges, disqualification, or imprisonment. Authorities are keen on monitoring these practices, especially in areas with a history of electoral fraud.

🛡️ Be a Responsible Citizen: What You Should Do on the Eve of Elections 🇵🇭

This is a day of silent reflection and civic responsibility. Respect the law and inform others who may not be aware of these prohibitions. If you see any violations, report them to the nearest COMELEC office or PNP station.

Let the democratic process thrive in peace, order, and honesty. Your vote is your voice—don’t let it be drowned by illegal practices.

🧼 Constructing Effective Group Washing Facilities in Schools: A Comprehensive Guide 🛠️

Creating group washing facilities in schools is a practical yet impactful move toward improving hygiene and reducing disease transmission among learners. Whether your school is located in an urban center or a rural area with limited access to water, establishing these handwashing stations is not only feasible but also crucial. This detailed guide walks you through designing, building, and maintaining effective and affordable group washing facilities that meet the standards for school health and safety.

💧Why Group Washing Facilities Are Essential for Schools

With the rise of health awareness, particularly after the global COVID-19 pandemic, group handwashing stations have become a vital component of school infrastructure. They promote daily hygiene routines, reduce absenteeism caused by communicable diseases, and teach students lifelong sanitation habits.

To comply with standard benchmarks like the Three-Star WASH in Schools (WinS) rating system, schools must scale up their efforts. At Star 1, a single facility is sufficient, but to reach Star 2, the school should maintain a 1:200 facility-to-learner ratio. For Star 3, a 1:100 ratio is required.

🏗️ Key Design Considerations for Group Washing Facilities

When planning your group handwashing facility, consider the following:

Water Access: Not all schools have piped water. A refillable bucket system or reservoir ensures usage even during interruptions. A self-contained bucket with tap outlets is a good starting point.
Drainage: Avoid stagnant water by installing proper drainage systems. In areas without existing systems, build soak pits or use plant beds to absorb wastewater.
Materials: Cost-effective options like tippy taps, punched pipes, or hollow bamboo are ideal for budget-conscious schools. These materials are both indigenous and sustainable.
Location: Install the facility close to classrooms. This minimizes transition time and increases usage. Ensure safe walkways and overhead protection for all-weather access.

🧒 Features of a Child-Friendly Group Washing Facility

A well-designed child-friendly washing station includes:

A height of 80 cm to accommodate children comfortably
10 outlets accessible from both sides, enabling 20 learners to wash simultaneously
Refillable water buckets (20 liters) for manual operation
Optional basins and roofs for added utility and protection
Soap holders, 1.5 mm punched holes for controlled water flow
Drainage options: sloped concrete, troughs, or gravel beds

🔧 Types of Group Washing Facilities by Budget Level

1. Low-Budget Solution (DIY Hanging Bottle System) 💸

Best for: Schools with no water access or low pressure
Materials: Used bottles, bamboo or wood frames, nylon string
Water Source: Learners bring water from home
Cost: ₱150 for materials, labor via volunteer work
Durability: 1–2 years
Maintenance: Daily refilling, replacement of broken bottles

💡 Not in use? Simply hang the water bottles upright to prevent leaks.

2. Midrange Budget Solution – “WASHALOT” System 🚿

Best for: Schools with irregular water supply
Materials: PVC or galvanized iron pipes, covered plastic container, wooden/metal posts
Water Source: Piped water + refillable container
Cost: ₱3,500 + minimal labor
Durability: 5–8 years
Maintenance: Water refilling, cleaning, valve unclogging

💧 Includes an additional valve for personal handwashing when needed.

3. High-Budget Solution – Permanent Infrastructure 🏢

Best for: Schools with regular and strong water supply
Materials: Cement, steel bars, tiles, PVC or GI pipes
Water Source: Direct piped system
Cost: ₱10,000 per 6-meter section + ₱5,000 for labor
Durability: 5–8 years
Maintenance: Professional cleaning, water budget, valve replacements

🌼 Drainage can be incorporated into flowerbeds for eco-friendly water disposal.

🤝 Community Involvement: A Key to Sustainability

No facility is sustainable without community support. Engage parents, teachers, and local leaders from the beginning. Let them participate in planning, fundraising, and construction. This not only reduces costs but also strengthens ownership, ensuring long-term maintenance and use.

🧼 The 30-Minute Challenge: Efficient Washing for 400 Learners

A school can enable 400 learners to wash their hands in 30 minutes by:

Using 10 group washing facilities, each with 10 outlets
Coordinating learners to take turns at 5 faucets per group
Organizing time efficiently and ensuring soap availability

This setup promotes speed, efficiency, and hygiene—while aligning with the WinS indicators.

Brushing Together: Building Healthy Habits for Life

✨ Cultivating Lifelong Hygiene Habits Through Group Toothbrushing ✨

Creating a healthy routine for children starts with the basics — and one of the most fundamental yet powerful habits is brushing your teeth. While families are encouraged to ensure that kids brush at least twice a day, schools are stepping up to reinforce this through daily group toothbrushing activities. These activities not only promote dental health but also instill discipline, routine, and a sense of shared responsibility among learners. 🏫🪥

Brushing Together: Building Healthy Habits for Life

In a school setting, group toothbrushing is ideally done once daily, preferably after meals such as breakfast or lunch. The collective practice transforms what may seem like a personal task into a fun, peer-motivated routine. Children mimic each other, build positive habits, and create a culture of cleanliness and care.

👩‍🏫 Leadership in Hygiene: Empowering Young Toothbrushing Champions 🏅

To successfully implement daily toothbrushing routines, teachers play a pivotal role. By assigning student leaders, they ensure that the activity flows smoothly and remains engaging. These student leaders are trained to help classmates maintain order, distribute supplies if needed, and guide the correct brushing steps.

The key is to create a well-structured activity that doesn’t disrupt academic time. After a week of practice, combining both group handwashing and toothbrushing should take no more than 10 minutes per school day — a small investment for a lifetime of healthier smiles. 🕒✨

Beyond the classroom, children are also encouraged to become "hygiene champions" in their own homes. They're taught to influence siblings and parents, reminding them of the importance of brushing twice daily, especially after breakfast and before bedtime. This ripple effect expands the health impact from school to community. 🏡🪥

🧴 Step-by-Step: How to Brush Teeth the Right Way for Kids 🦷

It’s not just about brushing — it’s about brushing the right way. Here’s a more detailed explanation of the proper toothbrushing process, using visuals often shown during classroom activities to aid in comprehension and habit formation.

Apply toothpaste correctly: Use a pea-sized amount of toothpaste — either from a regular tube or a toothpaste dispenser. For dispensers, simply press once to get 0.25g of paste. This is the right amount to clean effectively without waste. 🫛
No pre-rinse needed: There's no need to rinse before brushing. Go straight in with a dry toothbrush to maximize fluoride effectiveness. 🪥
Brush thoroughly for 2 minutes: Focus on all areas of the mouth, especially the molars, where food particles tend to settle. Two minutes is the magic number — enough time to remove plaque and prevent cavities.
Spit, don’t rinse: After brushing, spit out the toothpaste. Do not rinse with water — this helps the fluoride stay longer on the teeth, strengthening enamel and preventing decay.
Wipe your mouth: Use a bit of water and your clean hand or a small towel to wipe away excess toothpaste from around the lips.
Rinse your toothbrush: Always rinse your toothbrush thoroughly with clean water to remove any leftover paste or debris. This keeps the bristles fresh and ready for the next use. 💧
Check with your tongue: Run your tongue across your teeth. If they feel smooth and clean, you've done a great job.
Return the toothbrush properly: Store it upright in a clean toothbrush holder. This allows it to air dry and keeps it free from germs. 🚿

🌟 Final Word: Habits That Shape Healthy Futures 🌟

By integrating group toothbrushing in schools, we’re not just teaching hygiene — we’re teaching discipline, health consciousness, and community engagement. With consistent daily routines, supported by peer leaders and guided by teachers, we create empowered children who carry these healthy habits into adulthood.

🪥 Encourage, brush, and smile — together. Because clean teeth are healthy teeth. 😁

🧼💧DAILY GROUP HANDWASHING: A Powerful School Habit for Lifelong Health🖐️👧👦

Establishing a daily group handwashing routine in schools is more than just a hygiene practice—it's a life-saving habit. This simple, structured activity fosters a culture of cleanliness, encourages cooperation, and most importantly, prevents the spread of infectious diseases among children. With just a bit of planning and consistency, handwashing with soap can become a natural part of every student’s day.

🕘🌞The Best Time to Wash Hands as a Group: Before Meals

The most effective time to implement daily group handwashing is before eating, especially during recess or lunchtime. At this time, children's hands are often exposed to bacteria from play or classroom activities. Washing hands together ensures that everyone cleans their hands right before consuming food, drastically reducing the risk of ingesting germs.

Teachers play a pivotal role in initiating and maintaining this habit. At the beginning of the school year or term, the teacher can introduce the routine, explain its importance, and lead by example. Over time, this becomes a shared ritual that strengthens both health and teamwork.

🧽🧴Always Keep Soap Accessible for All Students

Soap must always be available at the group handwashing facility. A practical method is to place bar soap inside a net or stocking and securely tie it near the water source. This keeps it from being misplaced and makes it easy for several children to use at once.

In situations where soap theft or loss becomes an issue, teachers can keep the soap safely stored and bring it out during designated handwashing times. This ensures sustainability of the program and minimizes wastage.

🧑‍🏫🎺Student Leaders Make the Process Smooth and Fun

To make the activity more efficient, teachers can assign and train student volunteers to guide their classmates during the handwashing session. Appointing a student leader who uses a whistle or hand signals to form lines and direct students helps keep the process organized and time-efficient.

This small leadership opportunity empowers children, builds responsibility, and reinforces peer influence in promoting healthy hygiene practices.

🚿🖐️Conserve Water While Ensuring Clean Hands

In water-scarce environments, water conservation is essential. Here's how: children should only use water to wet their hands at the beginning and to rinse at the end. During the lathering phase, the tap should remain closed. This simple adjustment can save gallons of water daily, especially when implemented school-wide.

Once students get used to the flow of the activity, it runs smoothly. Typically, within a week, the teacher's role shifts from guiding every step to merely supervising the process.

🧠📣Reinforce Handwashing Beyond Group Time

While daily group handwashing is a powerful anchor habit, it's vital that children are reminded to wash their hands after using the toilet, after playing, before handling food, and before eating outside group time.

The goal is to make handwashing with soap a personal and social norm. When children carry these lessons home, they influence their families and communities, becoming agents of change in the larger movement toward better public health and hygiene.

🧼🖐️The Right Way to Wash Hands: A Quick Refresher

Even within a group setting, technique matters. Here's how to wash hands thoroughly:

Apply soap and rub to create lather. Scrub all surfaces for at least 20 seconds.
Rub palms together and interlace fingers to clean between them.
Rub backs of fingers and fingertips against the opposite palm.
Grasp and twist each thumb with the opposite hand.
Rub one palm against the back of the other hand, then switch.
Rinse under running water.

Always air dry your hands. Avoid using towels—they quickly become contaminated after one use.

🌍💬Join the Global Handwashing Movement

We all have a part to play in promoting handwashing with soap. It starts with setting the example at school and home. By integrating this practice into our daily routines, talking about it openly, and encouraging others to adopt it, we contribute to a global culture of health and disease prevention.

Make daily group handwashing a cornerstone of your school's health program—and watch how small sudsy steps lead to giant leaps in community wellness.

💸 Unlocking Financial Convenience with PAG-IBIG Virtual Loan Services 💻

In an era where digital transformation shapes the way we handle everyday tasks, the Virtual PAG-IBIG Loan Services platform emerges as a crucial financial tool for every Filipino. Designed to simplify access to housing loans, multi-purpose loans, and calamity loans, this virtual hub brings the power of government-assisted financing right to your fingertips.

Let’s explore how this innovation can streamline your loan application process, give you real-time updates, and allow you to manage your loan obligations—all from the comfort of your home.

🏠 What is the Virtual PAG-IBIG Loan Portal?

The Virtual PAG-IBIG is a digital service platform launched by the PAG-IBIG Fund to cater to members’ growing demand for convenient and contactless transactions. This portal offers a wide range of services including loan application, loan status inquiry, and payment verification. It's the Fund's response to modern needs—no more long queues or time-consuming visits to branches.

By registering on the portal, members can seamlessly apply for a PAG-IBIG loan online, monitor its status, and access essential services even during emergencies.

📝 How to Apply for a PAG-IBIG Loan Online Through Virtual PAG-IBIG

Gone are the days of printed forms and multiple physical documents. Now, applying for a loan via Virtual PAG-IBIG is a straightforward process.

CLICK HERE TO VISIT VIRTUAL PAG-IBIG

You simply need to log in or register at the Virtual PAG-IBIG website. From there, choose the type of loan you need—Housing Loan, Multi-Purpose Loan (MPL), or Calamity Loan—and upload the required documents.

The system provides step-by-step instructions and notifies you of your loan application status via your dashboard. This process not only saves time but also enhances transparency for every applicant.

🛠️ Types of PAG-IBIG Loans You Can Access Online

💼 Multi-Purpose Loan (MPL)

This is perfect for short-term needs such as tuition, minor home improvements, or business capital. The MPL allows qualified members to borrow up to 80% of their total savings with the Fund.

🌀 Calamity Loan

In times of natural disaster, the Calamity Loan offers much-needed financial relief to affected members. It is designed for those residing in areas declared under a State of Calamity by the government.

🏡 Housing Loan

Whether you’re buying a home, refinancing, or constructing your dream house, the Housing Loan via Virtual PAG-IBIG offers flexible terms and competitive interest rates, making homeownership more accessible.

💳 Why Use Virtual PAG-IBIG for Loan Transactions?

The Virtual PAG-IBIG portal is more than just a loan application tool—it's an all-in-one platform that promotes secure and accessible financial services for every Filipino worker. You can do the following without stepping out of your house:

Monitor your loan balance and payment history
Get real-time loan status updates
Download documents and payment instructions
Set appointments or submit concerns via chat

Additionally, using the platform reduces paper usage and helps contribute to the Fund’s sustainability and environmental advocacy.

📲 Tips for a Smooth Virtual Loan Experience

To get the best out of the Virtual PAG-IBIG services, make sure to prepare high-quality scanned documents, maintain an active email address, and regularly check for loan updates. Also, familiarize yourself with the loan eligibility requirements and use the Loan Calculator available on the site to estimate your potential monthly amortizations.

With all these tools in place, you’ll feel empowered, informed, and in control of your PAG-IBIG financial transactions.

🚀 Embrace Financial Freedom with Virtual PAG-IBIG Loans

The convenience offered by Virtual PAG-IBIG is not just a temporary fix—it’s a long-term solution for digital-first financial empowerment. Whether you’re starting a family, rebuilding after a disaster, or finally investing in a property, this service can be your reliable partner.

No lines. No waiting. Just pure financial support—when you need it, wherever you are.

📱 DepEd Boosts Monthly Communication Allowances in 2025 Update – Here's What You Need to Know 📢

In the digital age, effective communication is no longer just a convenience—it's a necessity. Recognizing this, the Department of Education (DepEd) has issued DepEd Order No. 014, s. 2025, marking a significant update to its policies on the provision and reimbursement of communication expenses for government education personnel. This amendment aligns the Department’s guidelines with DBM Budget Circular No. 2024-2, promoting transparency, efficiency, and fiscal responsibility in managing official mobile communication costs.

📊 What Changed: New Monthly Communication Expense Ceilings for DepEd Personnel

The updated DepEd Order redefines the maximum allowable communication expense ceilings for various personnel based on their designation and area of assignment. This revision ensures a more equitable allocation of resources and recognizes the increasing role of mobile communication in education governance.

For instance:

The Secretary of Education is now entitled to ₱8,000 per month, up from prior limits.
Undersecretaries and Assistant Secretaries are allotted ₱5,000 monthly, while Directors III and IV receive between ₱2,500 to ₱3,000.
School principals can now access ₱1,000, and Education Program Supervisors receive ₱500.

These updated figures reflect modern usage patterns and the growing reliance on telecommunication tools for coordination, monitoring, and delivery of educational services.

📌 Eligibility Rules and Reimbursement Mechanics 📠

The order outlines strict eligibility criteria. Only one official mobile number per personnel will be recognized for reimbursement purposes, and expense claims must align with actual workdays rendered:

1–5 days of work: eligible for 25% reimbursement
6–11 days: 50% reimbursement
12–16 days: 75% reimbursement
17+ days: 100% reimbursement

This proportional system ensures that reimbursements are performance-based, supporting only those actively fulfilling their duties.

Also noteworthy, personnel acting as Officers-in-Charge (OIC) or in temporary capacity must serve 16 days or more in the role to qualify for full expense entitlement. Temporary posts lasting 15 days or fewer do not qualify.

🛫 Special Cases: Official Travel and Project-Based Staff 🌍

Those on official foreign travel can claim communication expenses beyond the ceiling, provided actual costs are justified and documented. However, the maximum reimbursable amount remains capped at 100% of the standard ceiling.

For employees involved in projects, expenses may only be charged from either DepEd funds or project funds, not both. A pre-activity certification from the Department is required to specify the source of the communication fund allocation.

🧾 Required Documents: What You Need to File a Claim 🗃️

To ensure audit integrity and proper use of government funds, the following documents are mandatory:

Statement of Account (SOA)/Bill
Official Receipt or validated SOA
Certification of actual workdays and necessity of expense
Daily Time Record (for biometrics-subjected personnel)
Certificate of Travel Completed (for travel-related claims)
Pre-activity certification for project-based reimbursement

Each claim must also be supported by a complete Obligation Request and Status (ORS) and Disbursement Voucher, subject to review by the Budget and Accounting Divisions.

💡 Promoting Accountability and Fiscal Prudence 💼

This DepEd Order is a strong affirmation of the agency’s commitment to responsible fiscal management. It explicitly warns against:

Duplicate expense claims
Excessive or unnecessary reimbursements
Failure to comply with budgeting and auditing regulations

The Department emphasizes that communication provisions are not individual entitlements, especially for lower-level staff. Rather, these are functional allocations for the whole office, reinforcing the idea of shared resources for shared responsibilities.

📢 What This Means for the Education Sector

By modernizing communication allowances, DepEd strengthens its capacity to implement policies, respond to emergencies, and coordinate nationwide initiatives. This directive also signals greater accountability and support for public servants who serve as the backbone of the education system, from Central Office executives to school-based personnel.

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